PAPPA and prostate cancer: For example, the first discovered gene fusion, BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (AML) [13], the famous oncogenic fusion, TMPRSS2-ERG in prostate cancer [14], and EML4-ALK in lung adenocarcinomas [15], etc. Chimeric RNAs can be products due to chromosomal rearrangement as the well-known examples listed above, but they can also be generated due to intergenic splicing such as SLC45A3-ELK4 in prostate cancer [16], ASTN2-PAPPA antisense in esophageal cancer [17], and BCL2L2-PABPN1 in bladder cancer [18].