In addition, PLGA MS-carried oe-circGMCL1 treatment significantly alleviated the severity of colitis, which presented as decreased DAI (Fig. 6G), reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory scores (Fig. 6H), and decreased colonic proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17) (Fig. 6I). Here, TNF is linked to colitis.