LDLR and atherosclerosis: Despite the prevailing view that PM2.5 is linked to atherosclerosis by activating inflammatory pathways and causing oxidative stress, epidemiological and clinical data indicate that PM2.5 can accelerate lipid buildup by modifying lipid metabolism and lipoprotein properties, particularly by promoting LDL oxidation and interfering with the function of scavenger receptors and LDL receptor (263).