AIFM1 and cancer: After treatment with LL-37, the nuclear levels of both AIF and EndoG are prominently increased and translocated from the mitochondria into the nucleus, resulting in cancer cell apoptosis that is caspase-independent but calpain- and AIF-dependent apoptosis and mediated via BAX activation (Mader et al., 2009; Ren et al., 2012; Açil et al., 2018; Bankell et al., 2021b).