PRKAA2 and osteoarthritis: Zhang et al. (2020) found that metformin attenuated IL-1β-induced articular cartilage damage by modulating the AMPK/NF-κβ signaling pathway. Similarly, in another MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat model, the expression of IL-1β and IL-17 in synovial tissue was significantly decreased in the metformin-treated group compared with the control group (Na et al., 2021).