DDIT3 and cancer: The cytotoxic mode of action of guttiferone E in cancer cells encompasses the interference with mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in the expression of genes such as XBP1, ATF4, and DDIT3/CHOP, and the subsequent activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress/apoptotic pathway as well as the activation of apoptotic enzymes caspase 3/7, caspase 8, and caspase 9 [12, 13].