Second, IκB kinase -α (IKKα) and IκB kinase -β (IKKβ) signaling molecules upstream of the NF-κB signaling pathway can directly affect AR activity via phosphorylation and induce the expression of the constitutive active AR splicing form (AR-v7), which is one of the key factors in PCa castration resistance and drug resistance [102,103]. Here, NFKB1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.