APLN and gestational diabetes: Four studies [22,24,25,29] have measured lower concentrations of HM hormones adropin, apelin-12 and apelin-36, nesfatin-1, and salusin α and β, and higher concentrations of chemerin, copeptin, hepcidin-25, pro-hepcidin, and preptin, in the colostrum of women that had GDM [22,24,25]; chemerin was the only hormone reported to be higher in mature milk of GDM mothers [29].