Additionally, unlike Aydin et al. [24], who did not find significant BMI differences between GDM and non-GDM groups, Fatima et al. [28] accounted for maternal BMI (significantly different between the groups), which nullified significant correlations between HM irisin, maternal GDM status, and infant weight at birth and 6 weeks postpartum. Here, FNDC5 is linked to gestational diabetes.