MAFbx/Atrogin-1 and MuRF1 appear upregulated during disuse, denervation, inflammation, aging, glucocorticoid increase, and chronic diseases such as cancer, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and AIDS [26,36]. Here, FBXO32 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.