CASP9 and colonic neoplasm: In conclusion, our novel findings indicate that the KRG extract caused cytotoxicity through autophagy- and apoptosis-mediated cell death in human colon cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial ROS generation and by increasing the expression of Atg5, Beclin-1, phospho-Bcl-2, active caspase-9, and caspase-3 (Figure 6).