Previous studies on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress derived from blood in AF have shown that they are correlated with adverse clinical events, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) [3,4,5]. Here, TNF is linked to atrial fibrillation.