AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: The median levels of the three tumor biomarkers of AFP, PIVKA-II, and AFP-L3 were significantly higher in HCV-induced HCC versus HCV-control patients (87.0 versus 4.1 ng/mL for AFP, 117.0 versus 22.8 mAU/mL for PIVKA-II, and 3.5 versus 0.5% for AFP-L3; all p < 0.05) (Figure 1).