TGFB1 and neoplasm: Overall, these data may indicate that high levels of TGF-β in tumors are associated with the synthesis and secretion of ECM components through the non-canonical MAPK signaling pathway and lead to EMT in the tumors of cachectic patients, which in turn contributes to the malignancy and aggressiveness of the tumor, an unbalanced inflammatory response, including STAT-1 overexpression, and ultimately to poor prognosis.