TNF and neoplasm: Several studies have shown that the antitumor activity of Salmonella enterica results from the recruitment of immune response cells such as neutrophils (PMN), macrophages (MΦ), natural killer cells (NK), dendritic cells (DC), and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [19]; it also results from increased expression of IL-1β, TNF-α [41], and other proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ [39] produced by CD11c+ cells and CD68+ macrophages, both associated with tumor regression.