AR and diabetes mellitus: In a previous study from Broggi et al., it has been reported that the androgen receptor (AR) expression was associated with increased risk of pathological aggressiveness (odds ratio [OR]: 2.2; p < 0.05) and insulin-receptor-α(IR- α) expression (OR: 5.7; p < 0.05) and that insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression was predictive of pathological aggressiveness (OR: 16.5; p = 0.017) in patients with PCa and diabetes.