Additionally, high NLR has been associated with elevated infiltration of tumour-associated macrophages in the tumour microenvironment and elevated circulating cytokines (IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-12, IFN-γ, IP10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and PDGF-BB). This evidence concerns the gene IL9 and neoplasm.