TGFB1 and neoplasm: In contrast to upregulation in primary lung tumors, EpCAM is severely repressed in metastatic lung tumors, which is mediated by promoter hypermethylation, histone deacetylation, and TGFβ from macrophage in tumor microenvironment (Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7 and Figure S3).