GLS and cancer: In endocrine-related cancers, cancer cells uptake glutamine via ASCT2 [34,39,40,41]; intracellular glutamine can be utilized first by converting to glutamate catalyzed by mitochondrial enzyme GLS, and then glutamate is further catabolized to TCA cycle substrate α-KG, either via GLUD or transaminase [40,42,43,44,45,46].