TNF and ovarian carcinoma: However, a quite opposite result shows that SLPI inhibits cell proliferation, increases apoptosis and decreases the invasive ability of ovarian cancer cells in vitro through tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), death receptor (DR)-4, DR-5, TNF-α, and TNF receptor (TNFR)-I expression, all of which may lead to activation of the apoptosis pathway through Caspase-2, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 [69].