HCA (200 μM) appeared to activate ER stress/UPR cascades by augmenting the amounts of BiP (GRP-78 or HSPA5) and CHOP (DDIT3, DNA Damage-Inducible Transcript 3) proteins in both pancreatic cancer cell lines and enhancing c-Jun phosphorylation in Ser63 in MIA PaCa-2 cells (Figure 2D). Here, DDIT3 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.