C3 and cancer: At 12 h, the upregulated genes could be enriched in the pathways of microRNAs in cancer, the MAPK signaling pathway, the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades, and the genes included DDIT4, C3, EFNA, MNK, etc. It was proven that the upregulation of DDIT4 could promote cell proliferation and mediate the anticancer effect.