Patients who were exposed to chorioamnionitis and went on to develop BPD may contain elevated levels of inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages and neutrophils) and cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IL6, tumor necrosis factor, IL1B, IL10, C-C motif ligand 2, 3, 4, and 5, C-X-C motif ligand 2 and 10), and reduced growth factors (e.g., fibroblast growth factor 10, vascular endothelial growth factor) in their serum and tracheal aspirates collected at birth and in early postnatal life [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]. Here, TNF is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.