Circulating pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), represent an additional response to the surgical trauma and stimulate cancer-promoting regulatory T cells, the reduction in activated CD8+ T cells, and induce a shift from anti-tumor T helper 1 (TH1) cells towards tumor-promoting TH2 cells [45,46]. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.