Serum exosomes from PD patients revealed increasing levels of IL-1 and TNF-α inflammatory mediators in comparison with the control group, while intravenous or intrastriatal administration of PD exosomes to mice induced α-syn aggregation, microglia activation, and neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to worsening of motor symptoms [247]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Parkinson disease.