RAF1 and fibrosarcoma: Abbreviatures: PI3 K: phosphoinositide 3 kinase; PKB: protein kinase B; AC: adenylate cyclase; EPAC: exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; CREB: cyclic AMP response element-binding protein; P90RSK: ribosomal S6 kinase; MEK1/2: MAPK or Erk kinases; c-Raf: cellular Raf gene (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma); Casp-3: caspase 3; Bax, Bik: Bcl2-interacting killer; Ca2+: calcium ions; SIRT1: sirtuin 1; PGC1α: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1 α.