VHL and von Hippel-Lindau disease: The upstream activators of HIF-1α, such as PI3K/Akt, ERK, and adenosine 5′-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase (APK), increase the cancer cell glycolysis rate, while p53 and Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) block HIF-1α induced glycolysis in cancer cells.