We observed that in the AD cohort, the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response set (normalized enrichment score [NES] = −2.290, nominal [NOM] p < 0.001 and FDR q-value < 0.001), TNF-α signaling through NF-κb signaling (NES = −2.225, NOM p < 0.001 and FDR q-value < 0.001), IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling (NES = −2.182, NOM p < 0.001 and FDR q-value < 0.001), and inflammatory response (NES = −1.763, NOM p < 0.001 and FDR q-value = 0.001) were enriched in the S. hominis low group (Figure 1f and Figure S1c). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.