TNF and neurodegenerative disease: Classical NF-κB signaling–NF-κB activation can prevent apoptosis of the cell in which it is activated; it may indirectly lead to apoptosis of other cells by promoting the production of cytotoxic agents and is a major regulator of inflammation, driving the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, Il-6, and Il-1β [19], and enzymes such as cyclooxygenase-2 [20] and BACE1 gene expression [21], which have detrimental effects in neurodegenerative diseases (Figure 1A).