AKT1 and melanoma: Preclinical studies showed that ADRB type 1 (ADRB1) and 2 (ADRB2) blockade using PPN results in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and proliferation reduction of breast, melanoma and liver tumor cells, among others, mainly by disrupting mitogenic signaling cascades involving protein kinase B (PKB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)9–12.