Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of Hallmark cancer gene sets [52, 53], among all tumours, consistently identified that a Pten(−/−) background produced endpoint signatures of downregulated UV response, elevated EMT, angiogenesis, inflammatory response and IL-2-STAT5 signalling, and overall higher KRAS signalling, in contrast to their 12 week counterparts (Fig. 6a). Here, PTEN is linked to cancer.