VEGFA and achromatopsia: We did not discuss gene therapy trials related to newer nonviral gene modification technologies such as gene modification by antisense oligonucleotides.138 The most promising trial results of the ones presented here are the ones for achromatopsia, XLRP (RPGR gene mutations), nAMD (inhibition of VEGF function), and LHON (ND4 gene mutations).