IRF3 and brain infarction: Barakat et al.46 demonstrated that CBL can improve the neurological score and reduce brain infarction, neuronal degeneration, and leukocyte infiltration by downregulating different elements of the TLR pathway, including TLR-2 and TLR-4, Myd88, TRIF, and IRF-3, and then inhibiting the expression of TLR pathway downstream effectors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-kB.