TLR4 and diabetes mellitus: For example, increased circHIPK3 stimulated the activation of the TLR4 pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β) in gouty arthritis (54) whereas its silencing alleviated inflammatory damage in myocarditis (53) and diabetes mellitus (52).