AVP and major depressive disorder: Terauchi et al. (2014) demonstrated that DSS was effective in treating the symptoms of headaches and concomitant depression in women. Xu et al. (2011) suggested that DSS exerted an antidepressant effect in the forced swimming test (FST) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models through influencing the central arginine vasopressin (AVP) system. Li et al. (2022) demonstrated that DSS pretreatment can restore the impaired abilities of rats caused by ETM-induced depression- and anxiety-like behavior.