CCL5 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In melanoma and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), activating the β-catenin signaling pathway can prevent the infiltration of DCs and CD8+ T cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) by inhibiting the secretion of the CC chemokine ligands CCL4 or CCL5, which directly impairs the therapeutic benefit of ICI [69, 70].