TNF and viral infectious disease: In this scenario, TNF-α, a glycopeptide produced by macrophages, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes, is a central player in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune diseases and can trigger several inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines.21 This factor is essential in the development of the cytokine storm, which is present in bacterial and viral infections,20,22 including SARS-CoV-2.23 When infection occurs, TNF-α develops a pro-inflammatory action by itself and through the upregulation of other inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1 and IL-6.