TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: However, there are some studies in adults in which TNF-α levels in the blood have been shown useful to diagnose VAP28 and in BALF could be useful to monitor inflammatory response.29 In addition, numerous cytokines have been investigated in TA30–32 and BALF33,34 for the diagnosis and evolution of pulmonary pathology such as BPD.