VEGFA and macular retinal edema: ORT can be distinguished from a cystic structure containing fluid (i.e., macular edema) by the presence of a hyperreflective border, the refractoriness to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy (anti-VEGF), the relatively unchanged structural appearance with time, and the association with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy or fibrosis4,5,7,8.