Interestingly, we found that the ubiquitination of many host proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2 was also changed after viral infection (Supplementary Fig. 3b), such as ZDHHC5, BUD31, SCP2, ARL6IP4, and NUDCD2, which were reported to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (Fig. 3d). Here, BUD31 is linked to viral infectious disease.