Moreover, the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), which are upregulated following NOD1 activation (Ma et al., 2020), were highly expressed in THP‐1 cells or BMDMs in the presence of different types of CRC‐EVs (EV‐HT29, EV‐HCT116, and EV‐MC38) but not EV‐CCD18Co (Figure 1c,d). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and colorectal carcinoma.