Among pyelonephritis isolates, papG negative isolates were more likely to be negative for all other pap genes tested (82%), suggesting complete absence of the pap operon or possible deletion [49], and hence inability to produce the P fimbria, or only positive for papC (8%), suggesting presence of an incomplete or truncated pap operon and hence incapacity to express P fimbria. Here, PCDH8 is linked to pyelonephritis.