In this study, we employed cultured monocyte-derived macrophages [34] and established that AATD macrophages are associated with enhanced secretion levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, TNF-α and IL-6 compared to normal macrophages under controlled basal conditions. The gene discussed is CCL4; the disease is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency.