The significantly associated factors included various diseases (e.g. HIV infection, inflammatory bowel disease, past history of gastrointestinal resection), medications (e.g. osmotically acting laxatives, antiviral drugs, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors), and diets (e.g. fruits, dairy products, and milk), which included numerous factors not identified previously14,44. The gene discussed is GAA; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.