GZMB and neoplasm: Gene set enrichment analysis of tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells showed that lactate treatment induced a significant upregulation of T cell function and signaling related genes (e.g., Fasl, Gzmb, Prf1, Il2ra, Ifngr1, Il7r and Ccl3) and pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Fig. 3d and Supplementary Fig. 3).