In contrast, BRG1 was demonstrated to be upregulated in the thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), and BRG1, in cooperation with long, noncoding RNAs MALAT1 and HIF1 α-antisense RNA1, was shown to mediate the epigenetic regulation of VSMC dysfunction and apoptosis in TAA (33, 39, 40). This evidence concerns the gene SMARCA4 and thoracic aortic aneurysm.