INS and diabetes mellitus: Ferrannini and Cushman [32] have postulated that the high prevalence of hypertension among person diagnosed with diabetes may be due to biological pathways such as, “insulin resistance in the nitric-oxide pathway; the stimulatory effect of hyperinsulinaemia on sympathetic drive, smooth muscle growth, and sodium–fluid retention; and the excitatory effect of hyperglycaemia on the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system”.