KLK3 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: However, several other non-cancerous prostate conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or inflammation or infection of the prostate or recent ejaculation, can also elevate or modify PSA levels, hence, the use of the PSA test alone for diagnosis of PCa is considered controversial by urologists as it can lead to over-diagnosis and over-treatment as part of screening (9).