TGFB1 and Hyperglycemia: The homologous genes NOX2, NOX4, and NOX5 were also found to inhibit PKC-α and PKC-β activation, followed by decreases in hyperglycemia-induced ROS and expression of TGF-β1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which prevented ECM accumulation and basement membrane thickening in mesangial cells and podocyte, and thus decreased albumin excretion (68–70).