INS and metabolic syndrome: Vrieze et al. (2012) found that transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increased insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Ng et al. (2022) proved that repeated FMTs enhanced the level and duration of microbiota engraftment in obese patients with T2DM, and combining lifestyle intervention with FMT led to more favorable changes in recipients’ microbiota and improvement in lipid profile and liver stiffness.