TNF and Hyperglycemia: Diabetic rats used in this study exhibit hyperglycemia, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine skeletal muscle mRNA expression (TNF-), MDA levels of proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α), and atrophy-related genes (FBXO32 and MuRF1) MDA levels (a marker of oxidative stress), as well as muscle fiber atrophy as indicated by histological assessment.