GFAP and Cognitive impairment: Cognitive deficits after TBI in rodents are known to self-resolve beginning at 2–3 weeks post-TBI, which is also consistent with human studies demonstrating resolution of TBI-induced deficits in visual memory, verbal memory, and reaction time at 2–3 weeks after TBI.21–25 Thus, tissue collection at an earlier time point after TBI may have shown an effect of TBI alone on GFAP and IBA-1.